Neuraxial Labor Analgesia and Offspring Neurodevelopment

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Primiparae between 18 and 35 years of age with term single cephalic pregnancy; 2. Undergo regular prenatal examination in the study centers; 3. Preparing to deliver vaginally. Exclusion Criteria: 1. History of psychiatric diseases (indicate those that are diagnosed before or during pregnancy by psychiatrists); 2. History of diseases involving the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; 3. Presence of contraindications to epidural analgesia, which includes: (1) History of infectious disease of the central nervous system (poliomyelitis, cerebrospinal meningitis, encephalitis, etc.); (2) History of spinal or intra-spinal disease (trauma or surgery of spinal column, intra-spinal canal mass, etc.); (3) Systemic infection (sepsis); (4) Skin or soft tissue infection at the site of epidural puncture; (5) Coagulopathy. 4. Presence of contraindications to vaginal delivery; 5. Other reasons that are considered unsuitable for study participation.