Reproductive Endocrinology Oxford Study (RepOx)

Inclusion Criteria: * ● General Criteria for all groups * Participant is willing and able to give informed consent for participation in the study. * Female, aged between 16 and 45 years of age. As IVF is not undertaken in women less that 18 years, this group will between 18 and 45 years o ● PCOS (Group 1, 2 and 3) * Currently under investigation for or having diagnosis of PCOS having displayed one or more of the following: Hyperandrogenism, Ovulation Dysfunction and Polycystic ovaries on ultrasound (known as the Rotterdam criteria) ● PCOS Controls (Group 4 and 5) * Patients under gynaecological investigation or having assisted reproduction * Exhibit no features of PCOS ● Miscarriage Group (Group 6) * Have had at least two previous miscarriages * Recruited at any time after their second menstrual cycle following a miscarriage ● Miscarriage Controls (Group 7) * Patients will have had zero or no more than one miscarriage and having fertility investigations. ● Pregnant GDM (Group 8) * Pregnant women at least 28 weeks gestation with : * 1\) A fasting plasma glucose of 5.1mmol/L or above or * 2\) A 1 hr plasma glucose of 10mmol/L or * 3\) A 2-hr plasma glucose level of 8.5mmol/L or above ● Pregnant ICP (Group 9) * Women at least 28 weeks gestation with : * Raised ALT or raised bile acids in the context of pruritus with no rash * ALT (\>32iu/l) and bile acids (\>14micromol/l) Pregnant Control (Group 10) * Pregnant women at least 28 weeks gestation with no diagnosis of GDM or ICP Exclusion Criteria: * For all groups - The participant may not enter the study if ANY of the following apply. * Unable to read, or to understand written or spoken English * Currently involved in any Clinical Trial of an Investigational Medicinal Product (CTIMP) * Undergoing surgery because of a possible cancer diagnosis * Diagnosis of other androgen excess disorders such as Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH), Androgen Secreting tumours, Cushing syndrome, or Hyperprolactinemia