Gut Microbiome and Metabolome in Patients With Gallstone Disease After Surgical and Endoscopic Interventions

Inclusion Criteria: * Aged 21 years to 80 years * Diagnosis of symptomatic gallstone disease without or with concomitant bile duct stones based on prior diagnostic radiological imaging such as transabdominal ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). * Will be scheduled for cholecystectomy with or without concomitant ERCP-ES for treatment. * Patient is willing to provide informed consent before enrolment in the study. Exclusion Criteria: * Subjects undergoing ERCP-ES with no intention for future cholecystectomy * Use of antibiotics or probiotics within 1 month (exception: use of antibiotics within 48 hours of cholecystectomy or ERCP, as metagenomics will be able to sequence both dead and live bacteria, and marked compositional change is not expected within this time frame) * Presence of malignancy diagnosed within the last 1 year * Previous gastrectomy, appendicectomy, small bowel or large bowel surgery * Inflammatory bowel disease * Active gastrointestinal tract infections