Cue Effects in Human Addiction: Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer

Inclusion Criteria: * males and females between 16-65 years of age * AUD subjects only: meet a minimum of 2 criteria for DSM-5 alcohol-related disorder (AUD) (not requiring withdrawal as assessed by an independent psychiatrist) and AUDIT \> 4 * Smokers: Daily smokers only: smoke 7 days/week during the last three months * Non-daily smokers only: smoke at least once but less than 7 days/week during the last three months * Ability to consent to the study and complete the questionnaires * Sufficient language skills: German * Availability between 3pm-6pm on 2 consecutive days (Experiment 1, acute stress question) * Females only: luteal phase (Experiment 1, acute stress question) Exclusion Criteria: * Lifetime diagnosis according to DMS-5 for: Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, substance dependence except for alcohol, nicotine, or cannabis * Currently meeting DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for a depressive episode, suicidal ideation * Past traumatic brain injury or severe neurological disease (such as dementia, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis) * Pregnancy or breastfeeding * Ingestion of medications known to interact with the CNS in the 10-day period prior to study participation or less than 4 half-lives after last ingestion (rapid urine test) * MR contraindications (e.g., pacemakers, metallic or electronic implants, metallic splinters, surgical staples) * Color vision deficiency * Sensorineural hearing loss of 30 dB or greater, * Tinnitus * Presence of claustrophobia * Acute alcohol intoxication at MRI appointments verified by breath alcohol testing or drug intoxication verified by rapid urine testing * For women only: not peri- or postmenopausal, not taking contraceptives (Experiment 1, acute stress question)