Effects of Moderate Carbohydrate Consumption on Metabolic and Obstetric Outcomes in Pregnant Women With Insulin-treated Diabetes- A Randomized Controlled Trial

Inclusion Criteria: * • Pregnant women with singleton pregnancies. * Over 18 years old. * Diagnosis of GDM- 3-h 100-g OGTT according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists supported by the American Diabetes Association, Or Diagnosis of type 1 or 2 diabetes before pregnancy, Or Diagnosis of early GDM by either OGTT in the first trimester or elevated blood glucose measurements in the fasting (above 95mg/dl) or the postprandial (above 140 mg/dl) state. * Are already on or intended to start intensive insulin treatment (at leased 2 injections of insulin per day) or wear an insulin pump. * Are willing to wear a continuous glucose monitoring system. * BMI of 18.5-42 kg/m2 at the time of diagnosis. Exclusion Criteria: * Individual with risk factors for: * Placental insufficiency. * Hypertension. * Renal disease. * Thrombophilia * Rheumatologic disease. * A history of preeclampsia, or fetal growth restriction (IUGR). * Individuals with a history of preterm labor, or concomitant therapy with β-blockers or glucocorticoids. * Individuals who smoke and/or consume any amount of alcohol during pregnancy.