An Intervention Study on Transcranial Photobiomodulation in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age between 6 and 18 years; 2. Clinically diagnosed with ADHD by a psychiatrist; 3. Confirmed by the researcher (child psychiatrist) to meet the diagnostic criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder as outlined in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5); 4. M.I.N.I. KID interview shows only ADHD, with no other comorbidities; 5. Able to cooperate with transcranial photobiomodulation. 6. The participant and their guardian fully understand the study procedures and content and agree to participate in the study, signing the informed consent form. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Diagnosis of other severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder; 2. Presence of severe physical diseases or conditions, such as significant intracranial lesions, thyroid disorders, epilepsy, congenital heart disease, severe hematologic disorders, systemic lupus erythematosus, auditory or visual impairments, etc.; 3. Presence of significant structural brain abnormalities on imaging studies; 4. Presence of severe neurological diseases with a clear family history or potential risk; 5. Presence of metal implants or a pacemaker, or holes or fractures in the skull; 6. Currently undergoing other ADHD treatments (e.g., methylphenidate or other pharmacological treatments, behavioral therapy, etc.) or has discontinued such treatments for less than 2 weeks; 7. Raven's Progressive Matrices IQ score \< 85.