Genicular Artery Embolization for Knee Osteoarthritis Pain

Inclusion Criteria: * Patients aged 40-80 * Bilateral or unilateral knee pain attributed to osteoarthritis (treat the knee with greater pain-if equal, patient chooses) * Grade 2-4 osteoarthritis on standing weight-bearing knee radiographs per the Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale * Knee pain \> 6 months, refractory to conservative non-operative management, and scored ≥ 4 on Visual Analog Scale (VAS) (e.g., rest, activity modification, weight control, bracing, supervised physical therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), acetaminophen, oral opiates, intra-articular hyaluronic acid, PRP, stem cells, and/or oral/injectable corticosteroids) * Refusal of intra-articular corticosteroid injection Exclusion Criteria: * Active malignancy * Active infection of the affected knee * Corticosteroid injection of the affected knee within 3 months of enrollment * Rheumatoid arthritis or other seronegative arthropathy * Previous surgery of the affected knee (e.g., meniscus repair, meniscectomy, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)/posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, chondroplasty, microfracture, loose-body removal, synovectomy, lateral release, patellar/quadriceps tendon repair, total or partial knee replacement, osteotomy, cartilage transplant), except diagnostic arthroscopy * Grade 0-1 osteoarthritis per Kellgren-Lawrence grading scale of the affected knee * Pregnancy or expected pregnancy * GFR \< 60 mL/min/1.73 m² * Anaphylactic reaction to iodinated contrast * Moderate to severe pain in other ipsilateral lower-limb joints (ankle, hip) with VAS \> 4 * Body weight \> 400 lbs (unsafe for angiography) * Peripheral arterial disease of the treated extremity (Rutherford Grade 2 or greater) * Type 1 diabetes mellitus * Long-acting corticosteroid use within 6 months (3 months for short-acting) * History or other evidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) * History of reaction to contrast media, bronchial asthma, or allergic disorders * History of hypersensitivity to gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) * Chronic widespread generalized pain \>4 on VAS pain scale, including neuropathic pain * Major depressive disorder within 2 years before screening * Other severe psychiatric disorder (e.g., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) * Suicide attempt or suicidal behavior within 30 days before screening * Diagnosis of fibromyalgia * Considering total knee replacement in the next year * Any other condition, unwillingness, or inability that, in the investigator's opinion, could jeopardize the subject's safety or protocol compliance