Safety and Effectiveness of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Blood Purification for the Treatment of Liver Failure

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Age range from 18 to 65 years old; 2. Patients with acute liver failure in the early and intermediate stages caused by various reasons; 3. Total bilirubin (TBil) ≥ 171μmol/L or an increase of ≥ 17.1μmol/L per day; 4. Prothrombin activity (PTA) between 20% and 40% (or INR between 1.5 and 2.6); 5. No hepatic encephalopathy or encephalopathy below grade II (including grade II); 6. Elevated inflammatory markers (IL-6 / TNF-α / CRP, etc.); 7. The subjects are able to communicate well with the researchers and can complete the study in accordance with the study regulations; 8. The subjects must be informed of this study and voluntarily sign a written informed consent form before the experiment. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Patients with severe active bleeding or diffuse intravascular coagulation; 2. Patients with a high degree of allergy to blood products or drugs used during treatment, such as plasma, heparin, and protamine; 3. Patients with circulatory failure; 4. Patients with a MELD score \> 30; 5. Patients with other severe heart diseases, lung diseases, blood diseases, autoimmune diseases, or diabetes; 6. Subjects who may be unable to complete this study for other reasons or who the researchers believe should not be included.