Effect of the Postbiotics on Complications Treatment in Elderly Hemodialysis Patients

Inclusion Criteria: Investigators must maintain a screening log of all potential study candidates that includes limited information about the potential candidate, date, and outcome of the screening process (e.g. enrolled into study, reason for ineligibility, or refused to participate). After signing an informed consent form, potential patients must meet all of the criteria: 1. Age ≥65 years. 2. Receiving maintenance hemodialysis therapy for at least 6 months. Exclusion Criteria: The following exclusion criteria must NOT be present for each subject: 1. Subjects with medical history that might affect oral feeding (e.g. intestinal obstruction, gastrointestinal bleeding, acute pancreatitis and accidental inhalation) within the last 1 month prior to screening. 2. Subjects with medical history that might affect gastrointestinal functions (e.g. inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), short bowel syndrome (SBS), et al.). 3. Subjects who cannot communicate and collaborate normally.