Expression of Genes Relating Hypertension and Efficacy of 4-7-8 Breathing Control on Reducing Blood Pressure

Study 1: 1. Group of individuals with hypertension Inclusion Criteria: * Male or female * Aged between 18-59 years * Of Thai ethnicity * Diagnosed with hypertension, defined as having an SBP of 140 mmHg or higher, or a DBP of 90 mmHg or higher, or having previously been diagnosed with hypertension and currently taking antihypertensive medication * Originally from various regions of Thailand and currently residing in the eastern region Exclusion Criteria: * Has heart disease, such as valvular stenosis or regurgitation, coronary artery disease, or heart failure * Has obesity, defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or higher * Has a fever or is currently experiencing an infectious disease, such as COVID-19, the flu, or other infections 2. Group of individuals with normal blood pressure Inclusion Criteria: * Male or female * Aged between 18-59 years * Of Thai ethnicity * Does not have hypertension, defined as having an SBP below 130 mmHg and a DBP below 85 mmHg, with no prior diagnosis of hypertension and no history of taking antihypertensive medication * Originally from various regions of Thailand and currently residing in the eastern region Exclusion Criteria: * Has heart disease, such as valvular stenosis or regurgitation, coronary artery disease, or heart failure * Has obesity, defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or higher * Has a fever or is currently experiencing an infectious disease, such as COVID-19, the flu, or other infections Study 2: Inclusion Criteria: * Male or female, aged 35-59 years * Diagnosed with hypertension, with blood pressure levels above the normal range, defined as SBP of 130 mmHg or higher, or DBP of 85 mmHg or higher, and currently taking medication * Originally from various regions of Thailand and currently residing in the eastern region * Able to communicate effectively Exclusion Criteria: * Has respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular disease, kidney disease, cancer, or immune-related conditions such as allergies, autoimmune diseases (e.g., SLE), immunodeficiency, or rheumatoid arthritis * Is obese, defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or higher * Has a fever or is currently infected, such as with COVID-19, the flu, or other infectious diseases * Is currently pregnant, breastfeeding, or has a history of pregnancy within the 6 months prior to participating in the study