Efficacy and Safety of Attapulgite in Patients With Obesity: An Exploratory Clinical Trial

Inclusion Criteria: Obese individuals: * Aged 18-60 years, regardless of sex/gender * BMI≥28.0kg/m2 Overweight or obese individuals with type 2 diabetes: * Aged 18-60 years, regardless of sex/gender * BMI≥24.0kg/m2 * HbA1c ≥7.0% and ≤10.0% or the fasting blood glucose ≥7.0 mmol/l and ≤ 13.3 mmol/l at screening * Stable diabetes treatment for at least 6 months or more Exclusion Criteria: * Type 1 diabetes, monogenic diabetes, or diabetes due to pancreatic injury or other secondary diabetes * Severe diabetic complications within three months before the study initiation, including severe hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, or infections * Use of weight-affecting products within the past three months or planned use during the study * Weight fluctuation \>5 kg or \>10% within the past three months * Obesity or overweight due to endocrine disorders (such as thyroid dysfunction or Cushing's syndrome) * Uncontrolled hypertension, severe cardiac/hepatic/renal dysfunction * History of gastrointestinal surgery (such as cholecystectomy) within the past year or non-gastrointestinal surgery within six months, or prior bariatric surgery * Chronic gastrointestinal disorders (such as recurrent constipation, celiac disease, or food intolerances) or any condition impairing digestion/absorption function * History of malignant tumors within five years, regardless of whether there is recurrence or metastasis and severe immune dysfunction (such as malignant tumors, HIV/AIDS, immunodeficiency diseases) * Use of probiotics, prebiotics, or antibiotics within three months prior to enrollment, or alcohol abuse; Consumption of yogurt within two weeks before the study or during the trial period; History of psychiatric or infectious diseases * Pregnancy, lactation, or plans for pregnancy during the study * Participation in other clinical trials within the past three months * Any condition that in the judgement of the investigator precludes participation