Inspiratory Muscle Training After Stroke

Inclusion Criteria: * Clinical Diagnosis: A confirmed diagnosis of unilateral hemiplegia or hemiparesis (e.g., secondary to ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke), sustained at least 3 months prior to enrollment. * Age: Aged between 18 and 80 years. * Stable Medical Condition: Medically stable, as determined by the treating physician, with no changes in their primary rehabilitation regimen or medication for spasticity/neurological condition in the past 4 weeks. * Cognitive \& Communication Ability: Sufficient cognitive function and language comprehension to understand and follow simple commands and provide informed consent, as assessed by a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of ≥ 24 (or a similar validated tool). * Respiratory Status: Able to perform forced expiratory maneuvers for spirometry and tolerate the breathing training protocols. Exclusion Criteria: * Pre-existing, significant respiratory diseases (e.g., severe COPD, asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, active lung cancer). * Unstable cardiovascular conditions (e.g., uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina, recent myocardial infarction within the past 6 months, congestive heart failure NYHA Class III or IV). * Inability to achieve a proper seal with the breathing trainer mouthpiece due to facial muscle weakness or other anatomical reasons. * Inability to commit to the 6-week training and assessment schedule