Exploring the Effects of Exercise Combined With BFRT on Healthy and Patients With CKD

Healthy Inclusion Criteria: • Aged 20\~85 years old Exclusion Criteria: * Severe uncontrolled metabolic diseases (e.g., hyperthyroidism, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc.) * Severe pulmonary or cardiovascular diseases (e.g., pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia) * Presence of a cardiac pacemaker or a history of myocardial infarction within the past six months * Severe musculoskeletal or neuromuscular disorders (e.g., advanced arthritis, limb amputation, post-polio syndrome, Parkinson's disease) * Unstable vital signs (e.g., systolic blood pressure ≥180 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, requiring vasopressors, or resting heart rate \>100 bpm) * Prone to bruising * Recent inflection \< 1 month * Pregnancy * Kidney function impairment * Cancer * Simultaneously participating in other research CKD Inclusion criteria: * Aged 20\~85 years old * eGFR\< 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 over 3 months * Stable condition without worsening in the past 3 months * Ability to understand and follow verbal commends and cooperate with an exercise training program Exclusion criteria: * Severe uncontrolled metabolic diseases (e.g., hyperthyroidism, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc.) * Severe pulmonary or cardiovascular diseases (e.g., pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, cardiac arrhythmia) * Presence of a cardiac pacemaker or a history of myocardial infarction within the past six months * Severe musculoskeletal or neuromuscular disorders (e.g., advanced arthritis, limb amputation, post-polio syndrome, Parkinson's disease) * Unstable vital signs (e.g., systolic blood pressure ≥180 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, requiring vasopressors, or resting heart rate \>100 bpm) * Abnormal blood biochemical parameters (e.g., white blood cell count \<2500/mm³, hemoglobin \<8 mg/dL, total bilirubin \>3 mg/dL, liver enzymes (GOT/AST, GPT/ALT) \>3 times the upper limit of normal, platelet count \<75,000/mm³ * Sensory or motor dysfunctions that affect walking ability * Diagnosed systemic diseases under ongoing treatment (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, cancer, malignancies).