Evaluating the Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Luspatercept Combined With Thalidomide in the Treatment of β-TDT Patients

Inclusion Criteria: * Age ≥ 18 years, regardless of gender; * Patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia; * Intended treatment with rotecept combined with low-dose thalidomide or rotecept alone; * Requires regular red blood cell transfusions (6-30 RBC units (International Units) within 24 weeks prior to randomization, with a transfusion-free interval of ≤ 42 days); * ECOG performance status 0-1; * Patients (or legal guardians) voluntarily participate in the study and provide signed informed consent. Exclusion Criteria: * A diagnosis of α-thalassemia minor, Hb Bart's edema, hemoglobin S/β-thalassemia, or myelodysplastic anemia (combination of β-thalassemia and α-thalassemia is permitted); * Anemia related to nutritional deficiency, anemia of chronic disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, or any other hemolytic anemia (e.g., severe G6PD deficiency, pyruvate kinase deficiency); * A bleeding disorder manifesting as frequent bleeding (e.g., menorrhagia, epistaxis, coagulopathy); * Hemolysis unrelated to thalassemia within the past 8 weeks, such as after use of hemolytic-inducing medications (e.g., antimalarials, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs \[NSAIDs\]); * Use of long-term anticoagulant therapy, unless discontinued at least 28 days before randomization. Prophylactic anticoagulant therapy for surgery or high-risk procedures, as well as low-molecular-weight heparin and long-term aspirin therapy for superficial venous thrombosis, are permitted. * Use of thalidomide alone, erythropoiesis-stimulating drugs (ESA), or hydroxyurea within the past 24 weeks. * Use of long-term systemic glucocorticoids within the past 12 weeks. * Use of cytotoxic drugs, immunosuppressants, or other investigational drugs within the past 28 days. * HIV positive and/or active HCV or HBV infection. * Hepatic and renal insufficiency (liver insufficiency, i.e., aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ≥3× upper limit of normal (ULN); renal insufficiency, i.e., serum creatinine ≥3× upper limit of normal (ULN) or creatinine clearance less than 30). mL/min), history of malignancy (unless cured and/or with no known active disease); * Women who are pregnant, plan to become pregnant during the study, or are breastfeeding; * Previous thalassemia gene therapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT); * Platelet count \< 70 × 109/L, if not associated with hypersplenism, or platelet count \> 1,000 × 109/L; * Other conditions deemed unsuitable for participation in this clinical trial by the investigator.