This study intends to employ verbal stimulation, tactile stimulation, and kinetic stimulation as interventions during the emergence phase from general anesthesia to facilitate recovery.
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Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
1. Adult patients aged 18 to 65 years, with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III;
2. Scheduled for laparoscopic abdominal surgery, including gastric, colorectal, or biliary procedures;
Exclusion Criteria:
1. ASA physical status IV;
2. Body mass ind…
Inclusion Criteria:
1. Adult patients aged 18 to 65 years, with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III;
2. Scheduled for laparoscopic abdominal surgery, including gastric, colorectal, or biliary procedures;
Exclusion Criteria:
1. ASA physical status IV;
2. Body mass index (BMI) greater than 30 kg/m²;
3. Presence of underlying neurological dysfunction, cognitive impairment, or auditory disorders;
4. Neurological, cardiovascular, hepatic, or renal dysfunction;
5. Current use of antipsychotic medications or a history of psychiatric illness;
6. History of alcohol abuse or substance dependence;
7. Exposure to general anesthesia or sedation within 1 month prior to surgery;
8. Presence of intracranial implants or a history of epilepsy;
9. Known allergy to any drugs used in this study;
10. Preoperative use of electronic hearing aids or implanted auditory devices;
11. Refusal to participate in the study.
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