Evaluation of AI Large Models for Diagnosis and Treatment in Real-World Cases: Multicenter Retrospective Study

Inclusion Criteria: * The case data is sourced from the four hospitals involved in the study, with complete and authentic diagnosis and treatment records. * Patients must be 18 years or older, with no gender restrictions. * Complete medical records, including the following core information: patient' s basic information, present illness history, past medical history, physical examination, and auxiliary examinations (including laboratory and imaging tests). * A clear discharge diagnosis and treatment plan (including therapeutic measures and follow-up arrangements). * Medical records have been archived, with objective and accurate information that has not been altered. * The patient or their legal representative has provided informed consent, agreeing to the use of their anonymized medical data for research analysis. Exclusion Criteria: * Medical records with significant missing information, such as key clinical details (present illness history, diagnostic or treatment records, etc.). * Cases where the diagnosis or treatment plan is unclear, or where treatment has not been fully completed for an initial diagnosis. * Cases where the primary diagnosis is not urological. * Cases with major errors or inconsistencies in the records that could affect further assessment. * Medical records in special formats or images that are not readable (e.g., handwritten notes, non-standard documentation). * Patients who have not signed the informed consent form or who refuse to allow their medical data to be used for research.