Visual Influences on Vestibular Adaptation

Inclusion Criteria: For All Participants (All Groups) * Age 18 to 60 years * Able to provide informed consent Group-Specific Inclusion Criteria: * Group 1: Abnormal Uncorrected Static Visual Acuity (No Vestibular Hypofunction) Normal peripheral vestibular function * Group 2: Abnormal Uncorrected Static Visual Acuity + peripheral Vestibular Hypofunction * Group 3: Binocular Vision Abnormalities (No Vestibular Hypofunction) Normal peripheral vestibular function * Group 4: Binocular Vision Abnormalities + peripheral Vestibular Hypofunction Individuals who have abnormal static visual acuity, a binocular vision abnormality (ocular misalignment, convergence insufficiency), and vestibular loss will be assigned to Group 4. The following definitions will be used when determining group placement: * Abnormal Static Visual Acuity: Uncorrected visual acuity (head is still) ≥0.30 logMAR in both eyes. * Unilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: 60 ms VOR gain \<0.80 unilaterally for the lateral semicircular canal. * Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: 60 ms VOR gain \<0.80 bilaterally for the lateral semicircular canals. * Normal Vestibular Function: 60 ms VOR gain of 0.80 to 1.20 bilaterally for the lateral semicircular canals. * Convergence Insufficiency: ≥6 cm near point of convergence. * Ocular Misalignment: ≥4 prism diopters of manifest deviation of the eyes (tropia) on cover/uncover testing. Exclusion Criteria: * Diagnosis of fluctuating vestibular disorders (e.g., benign paroxysmal positional vertigo) * Neurologic conditions (e.g., multiple sclerosis), dementia, * Alcohol or drug abuse, * A major psychiatric disorder (e.g., schizophrenia), * Pain that limits cervical spine range of motion by \>50% or that results in an -altered gait pattern.