Electromyographic Biofeedback for Defecation Disorder

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Diagnosis of dyssynergic defecation was confirmed by anorectal manometry, which demonstrated paradoxical pelvic floor muscle contraction and/or inadequate relaxation during defecation. 2. Eligibility for a pelvic floor rehabilitation program was based on a comprehensive evaluation conducted at the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic. 3. Age between 18 and 70 years. 4. A history of chronic constipation lasting at least six months, in accordance with the Rome IV diagnostic criteria. 5. Stool consistency was classified as type 1 or type 2 according to the Bristol Stool Scale, indicating a hard stool pattern. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Presence of communication barriers that may interfere with participation in the study. 2. Cognitive impairment affects the ability to comply with rehabilitation programs or assessments. 3. Pregnancy. 4. Presence of severe depression and/or anxiety disorder. 5. Untreated metabolic or endocrine disorders, including but not limited to diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, hypokalemia, and hypercalcemia. 6. Use of medications known to cause or exacerbate constipation. 7. History of spinal, rectal, or pelvic surgery, excluding cholecystectomy, hysterectomy, and appendectomy. 8. Presence of colorectal malignancy or inflammatory bowel disease. 9. Anorectal malformations or congenital pelvic floor anomalies. 10. Spina bifida, spinal cord injury, or neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, dementia, or epilepsy. 11. Presence of severe cardiac or renal disease. 12. Advanced-stage hemorrhoids, anal fissures, or anal fistulas.