Effects of Leg Ergometer Versus Arm Ergometer on Blood Glucose, Exercise Tolerance, Weight, and Psychological Stress Among Gestational Diabetic Patients

Inclusion Criteria: 1. Female participants aged 18-35 years. 2. Gestational age 14-28 weeks (second trimester). 3. Singleton pregnancy (confirmed by obstetric record) only to avoid complications of multiple gestation. 4. Include both primigravida and multigravida (i.e., first or subsequent pregnancy). 5. Women with first time GDM in pregnancy. 6. Women with clinical diagnosis of gestational diabetes according to hospital/WHO criteria or hospital diagnostic test. 7. Blood glucose levels: Random capillary glucose \< 200 mg/dL at screening (to exclude overt diabetes) 8. Blood pressure: * Systolic BP \< 140 mmHg and Diastolic BP \< 90 mmHg (no confirmed gestational hypertension). * If BP ≥140/90 mmHg, confirm with repeat measurement 4 hours apart; exclude if persistent. 9. Willingness to participate and provide written informed consent. 10. Medically cleared by obstetrician to participate in moderate aerobic exercise. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Previous Cesarean section or medically indicated bed rest. 2. Known pre-existing diabetes mellitus (Type 1 or Type 2 prior to pregnancy). 3. Known major obstetric complications (e.g., placenta previa, severe pre- eclampsia). 4. Patients having multiple/twin/triplet pregnancies. 5. Known major fetal anomaly. 6. Anemic women with Hb \< 9 g/dL (excluded to prevent exercise intolerance). 7. Uncontrolled cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal, or medical contraindications to exercise. 8. Psychiatric conditions severe enough to hinder informed consent. 9. Any other medical condition that, in the opinion of the obstetrician, makes participation unsafe.