The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of non-pharmacological factors-such as age, sex, body mass index, paraspinal muscle mass, vertebral canal anatomy, patient positioning, and injection technique-on the duration of sensory and motor block in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia, and to investigate the potential relationships between these factors and block duration.
Trial Locations
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Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
* Patients aged 18-80 years
* ASA physical status I-III
* Patients scheduled for elective lower abdominal surgery.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Patient refusal to participate
* Coagulopathy
* Use of medications or substances known to impair coagulation
* Pregnancy, sepsis
* Shock
* S…
Inclusion Criteria:
* Patients aged 18-80 years
* ASA physical status I-III
* Patients scheduled for elective lower abdominal surgery.
Exclusion Criteria:
* Patient refusal to participate
* Coagulopathy
* Use of medications or substances known to impair coagulation
* Pregnancy, sepsis
* Shock
* Severe aortic or mitral regurgitation
* Peripheral vascular disease
* Increased intracranial pressure
* Mental disorders
* Spinal column deformity
* History of previous spinal surgery.
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