Diet, Metabolic Health, and Exercise Responses

Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18 years or older. * Able to provide written informed consent. * Able and willing to complete two laboratory visits, dietary recording, cognitive assessments, and exercise testing. * Able to safely complete submaximal exercise testing and a 30-minute moderate-intensity cycling session, as determined by health-history screening and the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire Plus (PAR-Q+). * Willing to complete dietary records and follow pre-visit instructions. Exclusion Criteria: * Known cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, neurological, psychiatric, or other medical condition that could make exercise testing or moderate-intensity exercise unsafe or substantially affect study outcomes. * Current pregnancy. * Current smoking. * Medication use that could substantially affect metabolic, cardiovascular, cognitive, or exercise-response outcomes, as determined by the investigators. Orthopedic injury, mobility limitation, or other physical condition that prevents safe cycling or exercise testing. * Resting heart rate greater than 100 beats per minute. * Resting blood pressure greater than 160/100 mmHg. * Electrocardiogram abnormality requiring further medical evaluation. * Positive PAR-Q+ response or other health-screening finding indicating that medical clearance is required and has not been obtained. * Inability or unwillingness to complete study procedures, fasting requirements, dietary records, or pre-visit restrictions. * Any other condition that, in the judgment of the research team, would make participation unsafe or interfere with valid completion of the study procedures.