Nitride-Based Raman Biochip for Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring

Inclusion Criteria: * Lung Cancer Group: 1. Age 18 years or older. 2. Underwent low-dose computed tomography or chest computed tomography within the previous 2 years. 3. Pathologically confirmed lung cancer. 4. Histological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or small cell lung cancer, with TNM stage determined by a thoracic physician. 5. Willing to provide approximately 20 mL of peripheral blood annually for 3 years. 6. Able to understand the study information and provide written informed consent. 7. Agrees to linkage of study data with relevant health insurance and mortality databases, as applicable. Non-Lung Cancer Group: 1. Age 18 years or older. 2. Underwent low-dose computed tomography or chest computed tomography within the previous 2 years. 3. No pulmonary nodule or ground-glass lesion, or a pulmonary nodule or ground-glass lesion smaller than 0.4 cm. 4. May have a chronic pulmonary disease, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, bronchiectasis, or pulmonary fibrosis. 5. Willing to provide one peripheral blood sample of approximately 20 mL. 6. Able to understand the study information and provide written informed consent. 7. Agrees to linkage of study data with relevant health insurance and mortality databases, as applicable. Exclusion Criteria: * 1\. Younger than 18 years of age. 2. Unable to understand the study information or provide written informed consent. 3\. For the non-lung cancer group, presence of a pulmonary nodule or ground-glass lesion greater than 0.4 cm. 4\. Unwilling to provide a peripheral blood sample. 5. Unwilling to permit linkage with the National Health Insurance research data system.