Functional Electrical Stimulation for Handwriting Recovery

Inclusion Criteria: * Participants must have experienced either an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke or a traumatic brain injury (TBI), resulting in impaired hand function. * Participants should have completed the acute phase of recovery, have had an onset of injury more than one month ago, and be in the subacute or chronic phase (at least one month after the injury). * Participants must demonstrate motor impairments affecting fine motor control and handwriting ability. * Participants should be able to attend one-hour weekly sessions for eight weeks. Exclusion Criteria: * Cardiac disease to avoid potential interference with heart function during FES * Presence of an implanted medical stimulator (e.g., pacemaker) to prevent device interference and ensure participant safety. * Venous thrombosis or thrombophlebitis to reduce the risk of exacerbating these conditions with electrical stimulation. * History of seizure disorder to avoid triggering seizures with electrical stimulation. * Impaired sensation in the upper extremities to ensure accurate feedback regarding comfort and prevent unnoticed overstimulation. * Medically stable with a stroke or traumatic brain injury less than one month ago - to focus on individuals in the subacute or chronic recovery phase. * Participants who are pregnant - to minimize any potential risk to the participant or fetus. * Individuals with bilateral upper extremity coordination to focus on individuals with unilateral impairments for this study * Participants with severe cognitive impairment or communication barriers to ensure participants can understand instructions, provide feedback, and give informed consent.