RECOVERS - Realigning Emotion and COgnition Via prEcision Regulation networkS

Study 1 (Healthy Participants) Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18-65 years * Medically and psychiatrically healthy with no history of psychiatric or neurological disorders * English-speaking * Capacity to provide informed consent * Willingness and ability to complete study procedures * Negative pregnancy test for participants of childbearing potential Exclusion Criteria: * Any current or past psychiatric diagnosis * Neurological disorders or history of central nervous system disease * History of seizure or epilepsy or use of medications that lower seizure threshold * Significant head injury or loss of consciousness * Implanted metal or contraindications to MRI or TMS * Substance use disorder (excluding nicotine or caffeine) * Pregnancy or plans to become pregnant during study participation * Inability to complete study procedures Studies 2, 3, and 4 (Participants With Depression) Inclusion Criteria: * Age 18-65 years * Current diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) * Depression severity consistent with study criteria (e.g., HAM-D ≥17) * No history of psychotic or bipolar disorders * English-speaking * Capacity to provide informed consent * Willingness and ability to complete study procedures * Negative pregnancy test for participants of childbearing potential Exclusion Criteria: * Neurological disorders or history of central nervous system disease * History of seizure or epilepsy or use of medications that lower seizure threshold * Significant head injury or loss of consciousness * Implanted metal or contraindications to MRI or TMS * Substance use disorder (excluding nicotine or caffeine) * Current participation in another interventional clinical trial * Pregnancy or plans to become pregnant during study participation * Any condition that would interfere with safe participation or completion of study procedures