Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training for Dementia Risk

Inclusion Criteria: * Ages 60-80 * Converted telephone MoCA total score≥18 * Presence of at least one dementia risk factor (e.g., MCI or subjective cognitive decline, hypertension \[SBP \>130 mmHg or on medication\], sedentary lifestyle \[\<150 min/week\], family history of dementia or self-reported APOE ε4 carrier, or mild sleep-disordered breathing; CAIDE total score \[\>5\] * Capable of independently completing or requiring minimal assistance with inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) * Willing to adhere to the IMST protocol (approximately 5-10 minutes per day for 8 weeks) * Optional inclusion of inspiratory muscle weakness (MIP \<80 cmH₂O for men, \<70 cmH₂O for women) will also be assessed. Exclusion Criteria: * tMoCA \<18, or diagnosis of neurodegenerative illness at the discretion of principal investigator (except MCI) * Current evidence of any major psychiatric disorder including psychosis (at the discretion of principal investigator), bipolar disorder, severe major depression (PHQ-9 \> 20) * Unstable cardiovascular or pulmonary disease * Recent respiratory therapy or major medication changes * Self-reported severe untreated or unstable obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) * Recent start (within the past month) of CPAP or BiPAP, or recent use of inspiratory muscle training * Lung and eardrum injuries * Non-English speaking * Participants with a pacemaker or other medical implants containing magnets or electronics will be noted and excluded from body composition analyses.