Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer Patients

Inclusion Criteria: * age 40+ years; * resting blood pressure \<140/90 mmHg; * fasted blood glucose \<126 mg/dL; * testosterone ≥400 ng/dL; * sedentary to recreationally active; * nonsmokers; * healthy as determined by medical history, physical exam, blood and urine chemistries and resting and exercise ECG during a physician supervised graded exercise treadmill test OR recent diagnosis of non-metastatic prostate cancer with plans to undergo androgen deprivation therapy; * PSA \<4.00 ng/dL if in the non-cancer group; * Gleason Score ≤7 if in the prostate cancer group; * no use of medications that might influence cardiovascular function (e.g., antihypertensives, lipid-lowering medications); * willing and able to be on GnRHagonist and AR inhibitor; * not taking antioxidant vitamins, corticosteroids, or anti-inflammatory medications, or willing to stop use for four weeks prior to the start of the study; * not using exogenous sex hormones for at least one year Exclusion Criteria: * -acute liver disease; * chronic kidney disease, serum creatinine \>1.3 mg/dL, macroalbuminuria \>300 mg/g of proteinuria * pre-existing or active cardiac, renal or hepatic disease, epilepsy or other seizure disorder; * diabetes, active or chronic infection, disease that affects the nervous system; * Gleason Score ≥8; * thyroid dysfunction, defined as ultrasensitive TSH \<0.5 or \>5.0 mU/L, volunteers with abnormal TSH values will be re-considered for participation after follow-up evaluation by the PCP with initiation or adjustment of thyroid hormone replacement; * tobacco use within the previous 12 months